Group Members:
Jennifer Johnson
Jason McKay
Angie Moreira
Molly Tomlinson
Amanda Guldbeck
Goals:
1: To understand new and different viewpoints from the opposite sex.
2. How we can contribute to closing the gender gap.
Gender Socialization
Research Question: Based on the knowledge of the child's sex prior to birth, do parents contribute to the gender socialization of their children through nursery decoration?
Population: Parents who decorated their children's nurseries
Sample: 24 random parents
Findings:
71% of parents did know their child's sex beforehand and the results are based on these parents
56% of the children received a room that was decorated according to stereotypical gender-appropriate standards44% of children received a room that was decorated in a socially-attributed neutral standard (yellow/green/etc.)
Females:
64% of female babies received a pink decorated room
36% of females babies received a neutral (yellow/green/other) room
Males:
55% of males babies received a blue decorated room
45% of males babies received a neutral (yellow/green/other) room
Additional Findings:
Parents who didn't know their child's sex prior to birth:
44% of parents decorated in a stereotypically gendered color
56% of parents decorated in a stereotypically neutral color
Mediated Portrayal of Sexuality
Research Questions: How commonly do commercials portray females and males in a sexual manner? Are females more commonly presented in a sexual way?
Sample: 4 different Television channels (CBS, NBC, FOX, and ABC)
Procedure: We all viewed approximately 1 hour of a program on the assigned channel, and we tallied the number of times that we saw a male or female exposed in a sexual manner during a commercial.
What did we consider sexual?
Any revealing attire such as:
Females: bare midriff, low cut shirts
Males: low riding pants, shirt off
Findings: Males : 5 occurrences Females : 32 occurrences
Tallies: IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII II
That means out of all of the revealing/sexual occurrences viewed, 84% of them were of females.
Conclusion: Females are much more commonly portrayed in a sexual manner in mediated advertising than males.
Relational Strategies
Research Question: What relational strategy is most commonly used?
Sample: 19 various individuals that are in a "successful" relationship
Definition of successful: a relationship where the individuals involved consider it to be satisfying and ongoing
Procedure: We all asked adults that we know are in an ongoing relationship what they did to initiate it. We then determined whether active, passive, or interactive are most commonly used.
Findings:
Around 68% of the people used an interactive strategy
Around 16% of the people used a passive strategy
Around 16% of the people used an active strategy
Additional findings:
12 of the participants were female and 7 were male
When broken down by sex, the findings show:
Females used passive 12% and interactive 83%
Males used active 29%, passive 14%, and interactive 57%
Conclusion:
Females tend to be more interactive than passive in successful relationships, but it's normally one or the other. This could be due to women becoming more independent and assertive in relationships nowadays. They can be the pursuer.
Men have a more blended results, more often using interactive, but there is more variety in the males' strategies. This could be due to uncertainty as to the best route to approaching a female.
What is love?
Research Questions: How do men and women define love? Is there a difference according to gender?
Hypothesis: Men and women will probably define love differently.
Men will refer to the strain that love places on them financially, the actions involved, and perhaps joke about it.
Women will talk about the emotional aspects of love and the feelings involved.
Procedure:
We all asked one male and one female to define love.
Findings:
Women:
"A deep commitment of trust and self-sacrifice to one another."
"When you care about somebody so much, no matter what and you don't want to hurt them, and you want good things for them."
"When you can only think of the other persons best interest & you'll do anything to make them happy."
"Giving of yourself for another’s benefit. In return you may find joy and satisfaction."
Men:
"Being able to give and receive trust and respect while maintaining self discipline."
"The feeling that when you're with someone you truly love all the feelings of emptiness disappear and a whole new set of not usual feelings arise and all of your problems disappear and true happiness is obtained and it seems that it will never leave."
"It's an action, not a feeling."
Feelings and actions weren't the main dividing factors as we hypothesized.
Instead, it seemed females had an "others" driven and selfless perspective while males had a more well rounded view and an awareness of their own satisfaction.
WOMEN
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
How commonly does sexual harassment occur?
Which sex is more commonly the victim?
Do victims do anything in response, and if so, does it ever effectively stop the sexual harassment?
Methods:
We surveyed a total of 28 individuals, (12 men and 16 women) (ages 17 to 51), with the following questions:
How would you define sexual harassment?
Have you ever been sexually harassed?
If you were, did you do anything in response to prevent it from continuing? Please explain.
Did the sexual harassment continue after you tried to stop it?
Results:
Harassed: 50%
Took action: 100%
Harassment continued: 36%
SIDE NOTE: the most common "actions" taken were to tell the person to stop (43%) or to alert administration and/or authorities (29%).
Results According to Sex:
Men: Women:
Harassed: 16.6% (2 of 12) Harassed: 75% (12 of 16)
Took action: 100% (2 of 2) Took action: 100% (12 of 12)
Harassment continued: 50% (1 of 2) Harassment continued: 33.3% (4 of 12)
Conclusions:
Women are more commonly harassed than men (or women can more easily talk about it)
It seems that sexual harassment is fairly common (50% of our sample experienced it).
Abuse is defined as the systematic pattern of behaviors in a relationship that are used to gain and/or maintain power and control over another.
Types of abuse are physical,verbal, sexual, and emotional.
http:..minicava.umn.edu/documents/dap/img5.html
Statistics about domestic abuse:
Every 9 seconds, a woman is battered in the U.S.
-Family Violence Prevention Fund, 1994
Domestic Violence is the single major cause if injury to women, more than muggings and car accidents combined.
-First Comprehensive National Health Study of American Women, The Commonwealth Fund, 1993
Domestic Violence occurs in 60 % of marriages and is the most underreported crime.
-National Crime Statistics Report, 1993.
http://www.rileycenter.org/domestic-violence-statistics.html
Reasons Why:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
The main reasons women stay in abusive relationships:
a. Survival
b. Economic Dependence
c. Fear
d. Parenting
e. Religion
f. Family
g. Loyalty
h. Rescue
i. Fear of his suicide
j. Denial
k. Love
l. Identity
m. Shame, humiliation, embrrassment
Reference:
Felder, R. & Victor, B. (1996). Getting Away With Murder: Weapons for the War Against Domestic Violence. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Cultural/Societal Contribution to abuse:
In the realm of courtship/dating:
Female Dependency (Lloyd 1991)
-overriding importance of relationships
-old maid vs. eligible bachelor
Romanticism (1991)
In society on a regular basis:
"Patriarchal society supports
the subtle and routine demeaning of women (2000)." (Frazier 2000)
"....the patriarchal mindset in Western society that, first, considers women to be inferior, then perpetrates that belief as virtual doctrine on women and men alike. This has occurred in the Christian Church through the selective presentation of Biblical stories, images of womanhood, and views of God. Boys and girls are inculcated into this patriarchal mindset by both church and culture. As grown men and women they later experience the constant reinforcing of these messages. The logic of patriarchy is circular (2000)."
Examples: (Subtle demeaning of women)
____Men who ridicule women with regard to certain topics (sports knowledge, driving, emotionality, verbosity, mathematical or mechanical ability, etc.)
____The expectation that women should be attractive, thin, sexy, and sweet.
____Men's use of "bitch"
____Women being referred to as girls
____The extent of mixed group conversations that are male-dominated
____Men's ratings of women and their bodies
____Men who show disdain for "women's work" such as housecleaning and the care of small children--This is especially subtle. For example, women are allowed or encouraged to volunteer for nursery care and children's church.
____Women's wages and glass ceilings
____Men's references to other, "inferior" men in derogatory, feminine terms
Her "inferiority" gives him personal and political control over her (2000).
References:
Lloyd, S. A. (1991).The Darkside of Courtship: Violence and Sexual Exploitation. Family Relations. 40, 14-20.
Frazier, R.T. (2000).The Subtle Violations - Abuse and the Projection of Shame. Pastoral Psychology. 48, 315-336.
Boonzaier, F. (2008).'If the Man Says you Must Sit, Then you Must Sit': The Relational Construction of Woman Abuse: Gender, Subjectivity and Violence. Feminism & Psychology. 18, 183-206.
What you can do:
1. Call 911 and report the incident. Write down the police report/incident number and keep with your records.
2. If necessary, seek medical attention. Have injuries documented and photographed.
3. Go to a safe place such as a domestic violence shelter.
4. Seek the support of caring people. Tell someone you trust about the abuse. They may be your: friend, a family member, a neighbor, a co-worker, or staff members of support agencies. They can help you devise a safety plan and find a safe place for you to stay
5. Have a safety plan.
6. File for a Protective Order.
When you decide to get help, find a support system that works for you. A trusted friend, family member, or professional can help you devise a safety plan and find a safe place for you to stay, if necessary.
Help is here:
Center for Nonviolence: 1-800-799-7233 or 456-4112
235 West Creighton Ave.
Fort Wayne Women’s Bureau: 1-800-426-7273 or 424-7977
3521 Lake Ave.
YWCA: 1-800-441-4073 or 447-7233
1610 Spy Run Ave.
Indiana Coalition Against Domestic Violence, Inc.
1-800-332-7385
National Domestic Violence Hotline
1-800-799-SAFE
Reference:
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/domviol/domvic.htm
Husband Abuse – Male as the victim
Evidence
for Husband Abuse
The debate – Why is this an issue?
Criticisms
of the issue
The
effects and nature
Reference:
Malcolm J., George. (Spring 2007). The “Great Taboo” and the
role of Patriarchy in Husband and
Williams, Armstrong. (3/21/2002). Husband Abuse. New York Amsterdam News, Vol. 93 Issue 12, p.8, ¼ p, 1bw.
To enable women to leave abusive heterosexual romantic relationships, society needs to change as a whole.
Education:
As early as kindergarten
Re-frame gender roles
Strive for equality
Family Dynamics:
Socialization needs to change
